By Sonya Zalubowski
The shine in the lady’s eyes exploded into glee as
she rubbed the stiff glove loaded with black soap made from olive oil back and
forth across the top of my naked thigh.
The friction she generated had rolled a thin layer of my skin into a
tight cigarette of exfoliation that she now held up for my eyes to see. Her hands returned to kneading my now rosy skin,
sloughing off more dead stuff, this round look of satisfaction even purer in her dark eyes. It
was almost as if she were saying, “see,” she’d saved me from some cruel fate,
the result of a naughty neglect at not having peeled off superfluous layers
sooner in my long life.
Such
was my first visit to a “hammam” or community bath in the ancient city of Fez
in north central Morocco. The woman was dressed only in shorts, her
bare breasts looming in front of me. But she and her fellow female workers were
unabashed by any nudity as they marched around the several rooms that made up the women's section of the baths. Men had their own section. Feeling modest, I had worn a bathing suit but my attendant soon made short order of it, standing
me up from my stool so she could strip me down to reach my nethermost
parts. I start my story of my three-week
tour of Morocco here with Overseas Adventure Travel (OAT) because the baths, which date to the Roman
empire of more than 2000 years ago, provide a clue to this enigmatic north
African country that has been touched by so many cultures.
The
women, probably most of them illiterate, worked hard for their 20 dirhams
(about 25 cents per customer), starting you in the hottest rooms first, where
several of us foreigners sat with locals in steam fired by piles of burning
wood. A splash of hot water from a plastic bucket over your head and the rough
glove went on.
Some
customers, depending on their agility. were splayed onto the blue and white
tiles on the ground for body-long scrubs, water flowing everywhere. We were all
reduced to female bodies, a community of us, working to achieve cleanliness and
freshness. Once the ladies in attendance
were satisfied they’d burnished our skins into bright red, they finished off with
shampoo and dumping loads of yet more hot water over people’s heads. We were then escorted into cooling off rooms and finally the area
where we dressed to go back outside. Several locals gave us the “hi” sign for
all’s okay as lighter us collected our belongings.
Our
OAT guide, cheery young Mohammed Oujrid, had assured us before entering the
building that we would be fully accepted at the baths which he said act as a
kind of glue in keeping the community together.
He said women use the weekly baths as the occasion to get outside the
home, turning a usual one-hour practice into three to four hours for gossip. Oujrid himself admitted he went regularly with
a friend, in a case of you rub my back, then I’ll rub yours.
The
baths, he said, are an essential part of Moroccan culture and a key to
understanding this fascinating country whose
location has made it an historic crossroad of Europe, the Middle East and
Africa. Every old town or “medina” as they are called
required the existence of a hamman as well as a common laundry area and a
common bakery where people who once had no ovens at home could bring their
bread to be baked. Oujrid said people
would turn to the baker to find out if there were interest in an arranged
marriage since he generally knew who was available and who was not and even
more importantly who was prosperous and who was not. The last necessary elements for a community,
Oujrid said, were the mosque and the minaret from which the people are called
five times daily to practice prayer in the Islam faith.
This
emphasis on community over individual, Oujrid said, has helped Morocco retain
its distinct character, this blend of European, Arab and original Amazigh
culture. The country, which boasts the
longest coastlines in Africa with the Mediterranean to the north and the
Atlantic to the west, has seen invasions
that date all the way to the Phoenicians and Romans to the Arabs who brought the Islam faith to later incursions by
Portuguese, Spanish and finally French explorers. Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912
that existed until independence in 1956.
Moroccans still go to school and govern in the French language.
It
is a testament to the Amazigh people -- the world’s oldest Homo Sapiens fossils dating
to 300,000 years ago were found in Morocco -- that they remain the predominant
ethnic group in the country, which Oujrid estimated at some 98 percent of the
population. The name means “free” or
noble people, a collection of different nomadic tribes that invaders called
“berbers,” a corruption of the word barbarian.
That word, berber, has now come to be accepted but the people still prefer
the original name Amazigh and still speak that language along with Arabic and French. The various tribes own the land outside
cities, while the cities are owned by the government.
The Romans entered after the fall of Carthage in 146 BC. Some of the best preserved on-site mosaics exist to this day in the abandoned Roman town of Volubulis near Fes. Rome saw its downfall in the third century and rule fell back to the Amazigh people. Sultanates developed over the centuries until the Islamic invasion by Arabs in the seventh and eighth centuries. Warring tribes over the years vied for dominance until the French protectorate was established. Oujrid said the country still pays off the French with unknown amounts of natural resources under its current ruler Mohammed VI who took over in 1999. He runs a parliamentary theocracy, albeit more benign than the previous rule under his father Hassan II.
Under
the present king’s rule, there have been numerous reforms but certain issues,
such as the legitimacy of the king, are not discussed openly in a sort of
self-censorship. Women saw in 2004 a new
family law that established rules for marriages, allowing those at age 16 only
with parental approval. There have been attempts
to require basic education as well but Oujrid said inadequate facilities have
resulted in most rural women still being illiterate and choosing marriage over
other roles in life. The country is still basically agricultural, with rural areas in a 55 to 45 percent
split over urban areas. Women’s groups that we met in our travels around
the country from the north coast to the interior and southeast in the Sahara Desert
are still campaigning for more rights. Fatima Habti, an English teacher who
works for women’s rights in north Morocco, told us in Chefchaouen that it takes
testimony from two women to equal one man in the courts. She also said a woman only receives half what
a brother receives in inheritance.
In
2011 after the Arab spring swept through the Middle East and other North
African countries, Mohammed VI moved to grant more constitutional rights for
the people but he kept a firm hand on
defense and the army. Morocco is still
in dispute with Spain over parts of the West Sahara and Spain still retains
rights in the northern city of Ceuta. The king has worked to develop industry,
including expansion of the port at Tangiers.
All
of that said, Morocco with its up to 38 million people. spread over an area the
size of France that includes mountain ranges, deserts, oases and beaches, is a delightfully exotic place to visit. I started my journey with OAT in Casablanca,
the home of a pseudo Rick’s café from the movie “Casablanca” (the actual Rick’s
was filmed on a Hollywood set), and quickly moved on to the northern Rif
mountain city of Chefchaouen, known for its blue washed walls and manageable
clean medina that tumbles down narrow streets.
Among
other highlights in our three-week-long journey by bus and train:
We
watched smugglers at Ceuta allowed daily by both Spain and Morocco to move freely
from nearby Gibraltar with their forbidden wares in a wink to the economy,
taxis stacked up waiting for their users.
In
Fez, the skinny often short lanes of its medieval medina, all 9000 of them, are crowded with vendors offering everything from camel heads to leather jackets and dates. It can require hiring a guide just to find your way through the maze back to your hotel, all the while watching out for sputtering motorbikes and donkey carts.
When
we headed to the Sahara we experienced lush oases with date palms before finding our camp in the desert at Merzouga, where original caravans once plied the sands
with their loads of salt and other goods.
There is nothing quite like approaching a dromedary, sitting on its
knees, its face not looking too happy as it shows its yellowing teeth and you
approach to get on top. The animals are different
from camels which have two humps on their backs, the dromedaries instead with
one giant hump of fat on top. It’s a wide girth to get your legs around.
The
nomads with their small herds of dromedaries now often make their livings
giving tourists rides on their animals. It
is quite a swell of up and down until the animals are upright. We rode for an hour among the dunes with the
quiet of the winds and the open horizon a treat. But I have to admit relief at getting off at
the end.
Nomads,
who travel the desert with their sheep and goats to find pasture, may no longer
exist in a few years, Oujrid said, drawn
away from the hardships of their lives to more urban settings. We met one nomad, Fatima, under the rough
brown wool tent she’d woven of camel and goat hair, in the desert. She’d lost her husband, and the rest of her
clan had helped build a mud brick home out on the flatland for a more permanent
existence. Her son rented out his seven camels to tourists for rides.
I
had never met such poverty, the joy with which the woman accepted the least of
gifts as she poured for us the ceremonial tea, the sweetened green mint tea
that is the national drink. Our gifts of
hotel soap and shampoo samples, and even worn Chinese laundry shoes, was accepted
with such graciousness. Along the way we
had seen the makeshift graves of nomads in cemeteries, marked only by piles of stones.
A
word about the religion. Oujrid said Islam
is practiced in its own particular Moroccan fashion. For one thing, he pointed
out that alcohol is allowed for tourists but the 182 million liters consumed
every year certainly was not just drunk by foreigners. The hijab or head scarf is seen more often
lately but more of a fashion statement, he said, imported from other Arab
countries rather than a religious symbol. Women are still seen wearing veils
and the djelabas of old, especially in the countryside, but there were not often
full burqas, he said.
Coming
out of the Sahara, Ouarzazate in the south is the country’s answer to Hollywood,
dating back to the filming of Lawrence of Arabia there. Many studios now
operate out of the city.
Marrakesh
with its insane huge plaza known as Jamaa el-Fnaa comes alive at nightfall with
performers like snake charmers, dancers
and musicians and food stalls for the hot harira soup and freshly squeezed orange
juice.
The
greatest current problem the country faces is water, Oujrid said. Over a third is now believed lost in sloppy
use, which if not corrected can lead to more desertification. It is compounded by the country’s still high
birthrate of 4.5 rurally vs 2.3 in the
cities. Oujrid said still, Morocco is more democratic than the Middle East.
“We
prefer this slow way, through education,” Oujrid said. Not the chaos of areas where the Arab spring
overturned governments. “TIA,” he
said. “This is Africa.”
I
am left with this late afternoon memory of Chefchaouen, sitting in the sunshine
at an outdoor café watching the people go by on the community square, brilliant
pink bougainvillea in bloom on a nearby wall.
Old men with canes picked their way forward in their woven djelabas while
young men chased tourists with their sticky worn plastic covered menus trying
to get people to go to their restaurant.
Flies were everywhere along with stray cats underfoot, hoping for a
handout, many of them pregnant. People threw them bread.
A
woman in western dress came in leading a small baby goat on a leash. It proceeded to eat the leaves on a nearby
potted plant and then climb on the table before the woman led it off and
interested it in some food she placed on the ground. No one said a word. Everyone seemed to
tolerate everyone else.